|
Mortality Charts for the United States |
Mortality Charts for the entire United
States by: State, Year, Race, and Gender. |
|
|
33% of
HCV positive are in prisons, jails |
An estimated one-third of the nearly four million people with
documented hepatitis C pass through a
correctional institution in a given year,
putting corrections at the very epicenter of
the nation's HCV epidemic |
|
|
Adolescents and Young Adults: the Overlooked
Core of Hepatitis C Virus |
Power Point Presentation |
300 kb |
|
Adverse Effects of US Jail and Prison
Policies on the Health and Well-Being of
Women of Color |
Evidence of the negative impact of incarceration on the health of
women of color suggests strategies to reduce
these adverse effects. Correctional policies
contribute to disparities in health between
White women and women of color, providing a
public health rationale for policy change.
Specific roles for health professionals
include becoming involved in alliances
addressing alternatives to incarceration,
creating programs that address the needs of
women in correctional facilities, and
identifying the pathways by which
correctional policies damage health. |
|
|
aid for
AIDS |
Power Point Presentation |
1127 kb |
|
AIDS Law
Project of Pennsylvania Wins Case for Client
Who Was Wrongfully Thrown Out of Personal
Care Home Because She Has HIV |
“We were able to prove by direct evidence that Kademani‟s medically and scientifically unsupported fears of contracting
HIV motivated her to demand that G.D. be
removed from the personal care home,” said
Sarah Schalman-Bergen, of counsel to the
AIDS Law Project of Pennsylvania and an
associate at Berger & Montague, PC. |
Pdf 359 kb |
|
An Unhealthy America: The Economic Burden of
Chronic Disease Charting a New Course to
Save Lives and Increase Productivity and
Economic Growth
(Large
report-increase download time) |
More than half of
Americans suffer from one or more chronic
diseases. Each year millions of people are
diagnosed with chronic disease, and millions
more die from their condition. By our
calculations, the most common chronic
diseases are costing the economy more than
$1 trillion annually— and that figure
threatens to reach $6 trillion by the middle
of the century. Yet much of this cost is
avoidable. This failure to contain the
containable is undermining prospects for
extending health insurance coverage and for
coping with the medical costs of an aging
population. The rising rate of chronic
disease is a crucial but frequently ignored
contributor to growth in medical
expenditures. |
pdf 4719 kb |
|
Associated Health Costs - United States |
The average lifetime cost for hepatitis C, in the absence of
liver transplant, has been estimated to be
about $100,000 for individual patients. |
|
|
At Least 3
Percent of D.C. Residents Have HIV or AIDS,
City Study Finds; Rate Up 22% From 2006 |
The District's report found a 22 percent increase in HIV and AIDS
cases from the 12,428 reported at the end of
2006, touching every race and sex across
population and neighborhoods, with an
epidemic level in all but one of the eight
wards. Black men, with an infection rate of
nearly 7 percent, carry the weight of the
disease, according to the report, which also
underscores that the District's HIV and AIDS
population is aging. Almost 1 in 10
residents between the ages of 40 and 49 has
the virus. |
|
|
CA
study outcomes: HCV in the California
Prisons & Reinfection in IDUs |
Power Point Presentation |
5729 kb |
|
California Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation
(Large report-increase download time) |
This report concludes
that Corrections fails to track, maintain,
and use data that would allow it to more
effectively monitor and manage its
operations |
pdf 3456 kb |
|
CDC fact
sheet "Do you know about hepatitis C in the
African American Community?" |
While African Americans represent only 12% of the U.S.
population, they make up about 22% of the
chronic Hepatitis C cases. In fact, African
Americans have a substantially higher rate
of chronic Hepatitis C infection than do
Caucasians and other ethnic groups. |
|
|
Changing trends in hepatitis C-related
mortality in the United States, 1995-2004 |
The disease burden and mortality from hepatitis C are predicted
to increase in the United States as the
number of persons with long-standing chronic
infection grows. We analyzed hepatitis C
mortality rates derived from US Census and
multiple-cause-of-death data for 1995-2004.
Deaths were considered hepatitis C–related
if: (1) hepatitis C was the underlying cause
of death, (2) chronic liver disease was the
underlying cause and hepatitis C was a
contributing cause, or (3) human
immunodeficiency virus was the underlying
cause and chronic liver disease and
hepatitis C were contributing causes. |
Pdf 129 kb |
|
Changing Trends in Hepatitis C–Related
Mortality in the United States, 1995-2004 |
The disease burden and mortality from hepatitis C are predicted
to increase in the United States as the
number of persons with long-standing chronic
infection grows. We analyzed hepatitis C
mortality rates derived from US Census and
multiple-cause-of-death data for 1995-2004.
Deaths were considered hepatitis C-related
if: (1) hepatitis C was the underlying cause
of death, (2) chronic liver disease was the
underlying cause and hepatitis C was a
contributing cause, or (3) human
immunodeficiency virus was the underlying
cause and chronic liver disease and
hepatitis C were contributing causes. A
total of 56,409 hepatitis C-related deaths
were identified. |
|
|
Chronic Conditions in the U.S. Implications
for Service Delivery and Financing |
Power Point Presentation |
183 kb |
|
CHRONIC HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS ANNUAL
SURVEILLANCE REPORT |
Case status refers to whether or not the case meets the
surveillance case definition as defined by
the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) and the Council of State
and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE).
Cases that do not meet the confirmed case
definition may be reported with one of three
other case statuses as defined by the
NYSDOH, including probable, suspect or
unknown. Cases may be entered in the
registry with an unconfirmed case status and
may be upgraded to a confirmed case status
at any time as additional test results
and/or clinical information become available
for the case. The data in this report
represents only those cases that meet the
confirmed case status. |
Pdf 1513 kb |
|
CONSEQUENCES OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)
COSTS OF A BABY BOOMER EPIDEMIC OF LIVER
DISEASE |
Power Point Presentation |
Pdf 1847 kb |
|
Consequences of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV):
Costs of a Baby Boomer Epidemic of Liver
Disease |
Baby boomers account for two out of every three cases of chronic
hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the
United States. As baby boomers infected with
hepatitis C virus (HCV) age, their disease
may progress from asymptomatic infection to
advanced liver disease. This population and
disease progression dynamic will result in
large financial ramifications throughout our
health care system. Receiving treatment for
HCV infection prior to the onset of severe
complications can reduce long-term,
life-threatening consequences. However, we
estimate that only approximately 22% of
those infected with HCV are diagnosed. With
current treatment side effects, long
treatment duration, and limited efficacy
associated with current antiviral therapies,
even fewer patients receive treatment. |
Pdf 1847 kb |
|
COPING
WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS |
Traditionally, the experience of serious
illness has been approached in two ways: (1)
a gloomy perspective of resignation,
self-denial, and helplessness, or (2) a
Pollyanna approach that denies altogether
that there has been a real trauma. Both of
these perspectives distort and disguise the
reality of chronic illness. |
|
|
Descriptive epidemiology of hepatitis C
virus among male heroin abusers in Taiwan. |
The overall prevalence of anti-HCV antibody positivity was 74.9%,
with 89.8% among injecting heroin abusers
and 33.8% among smoking heroin abusers (P <
0.0001). The multivariate logistic
regression analysis demonstrated that needle
sharing was independently related to HCV
infection (odds ratio = 5.25, 95% confidence
interval = 2.48-11.12). |
|
|
Dying of a
Curable Disease—hepatitis C |
Awareness about HCV including prevention, diagnosis and treatment
is alarmingly low among PLHIV and PUD as
well as health professionals treating HIV |
Pdf 78 kb |
|
Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Infection |
Hepatitis C virus remains a large health care burden to the
world. Incidence rates across the world
fluctuate and are difficult to calculate
given the asymptomatic, often latent nature
of the disease prior to clinical
presentation. Prevalence rates across the
world have changed as well with more
countries aware of transfusion-related
hepatitis C and more and more evidence
supporting intravenous drug use as the
leading risk factor of spread of the virus.
This article reviews current hepatitis C
virus prevalence and genotype data and
examines the different risk factors
associated with the virus. |
|
|
Estimating the mortality rate of hepatitis C
using multiple data sources |
The New York State hospital discharge database and the multiple
cause-of-death file were used to estimate
the mortality rate of hepatitis C in New
York State excluding New York City in 1997.
The mortality rate with hepatitis C was
severely underestimated when each data
source was used alone. Applying the
capture–recapture method using the hospital
discharge database and the multiple
cause-of-death file appears to be an
efficient method to estimate the mortality
rate with hepatitis C. |
Pdf 79 kb |
|
From
Corrections to Communities as an HIV
Priority |
Given the historic risk
profile of inmates, an initial concern was
an estimation of rates of HIV infection in
the correctional setting and whether the
burden of HIV infection would increase
substantially over time. Several studies at
the beginning of the HIV epidemic indicated
that once HIV rates among injection drug
users in the communities of New York, Milan, |
|
|
Guidance
for People Living with HIV Who Are At Risk
of, or Are Facing, Criminal Prosecution for
HIV Nondisclosure or Exposure |
Thirty-six states and territories have laws that criminalize HIV
exposure and/or nondisclosure of HIV status
for sexual contact, needle-sharing, and/or
contact with “body fluids” such as saliva.
Even in states that do not have specific
laws on HIV exposure or disclosure
requirements, people living with HIV have
been prosecuted under general criminal laws,
such as assault or attempted murder. |
Pdf 147 kb |
|
Guide to
Hepatitis B for people Living with HIV |
Because HIV and hepatitis viruses are transmitted in similar
ways, having both HIV and hepatitis B (known
as HIV/HBV coinfection) is possible. This
guide focuses on coinfection with HIV and
hepatitis B, but since most of our
understanding of hepatitis B comes from
research studies done in people without HIV,
most of the information provided here should
also be useful for people who have HBV
alone. |
Pdf 371 kb |
|
Health Insurance and Mortality in US Adults |
The United States stands alone among industrialized nations in
not providing health coverage to all of its
citizens. Currently, 46 million Americans
lack health coverage. Despite repeated
attempts to expand health insurance,
uninsurance remains commonplace among US
adults. |
Pdf 551 kb |
|
Hepatitis A, B and C: A Public Health
Perspective |
Generally, hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver. The
inflammation can result from multiple
sources such as infection, exposure to
alcohol, certain medications, chemicals, or
poisons, or an immune-compromising
disorder. Although currently, there are
five distinct hepatic viruses, for purposes
of this chapter, I will only discuss the
hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus
(HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). |
|
|
Hepatitis B in the Greater San Francisco Bay
Area: an integrated programme to respond to
a diverse local epidemic |
This landmark San Francisco HBV screening, vaccination and
management programme will promote not only
local and regional but also national and
international awareness and can set targets
for other cities in the US and potentially
elsewhere. The proposed opportunistic
translational research will similarly form a
hub of interest for hepatologists and HBV
researchers throughout the US and around the
globe. The combined results of this type of
integrated approach to CHB may significantly
help to turn the tide against this disease,
preventing infection, improving the lives of
affected individuals and greatly reducing
the associated healthcare burden. |
Pdf 149 kb |
|
Hepatitis
C: A Correctional-Public Health Opportunity
|
It must be noted,
however, that the cost savings that may
accrue from treatment of prisoners are
primarily to society as a whole. While
treatment of incarcerated individuals for
hepatitis and HIV is the right thing to do
and can tremendously benefit the public
health, it is not realistic to expect
correctional systems to shoulder this
financial burden without assistance.
Guidelines and standards for selecting
patients who are to be treated, while
providing access to care for HCV-infected
individuals regardless of incarceration
status, are forthcoming from the CDC. |
|
|
Hepatitis C and Cirrhotic Liver Disease in
the Nile Delta of Egypt: A Community-Based
Study |
Our finding are consistent with the hypothesis that past mass
parenterel chemotherapy campaigns for
schistosomiasis facilitated HCV
transmission, and that HCV may be a major
cause of the high prevalence of liver
cirrhosis in this Nile village |
Pdf 2057 kb |
|
|
The majority of people who test positive for the disease are
thought to have contracted it through
injecting drugs, but it is possible to catch
it in other ways. |
|
|
Hepatitis C transmission and injecting drug
use |
Transmitted through the sharing of needles, syringes and, unlike
HIV, other injecting-related equipment,
hepatitis C is the most common infectious
disease among people who inject drugs.1 On
average 60% of injecting drug users (IDUs)
are estimated to have hepatitis C in Europe
and in several countries the vast majority,
over 90%, of people who inject drugs are
believed to be living with hepatitis C.2
While the HIV epidemic is stabilizing
overall across the EU, hepatitis C is
increasingly prevalent and
disproportionately affects drug users. |
Pdf 1139 kb |
|
Hepatitis C Update |
From a public health perspective, interruption of transmission of
HCV through injection drug use is the
biggest challenge in the control of this
disease in Canada and in the world. The
virus is effectively transmitted through
this route. Shortly after initiation of
injection drug use, a large proportion
become infected with the virus. |
Pdf 73 kb |
|
HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND HIV COINFECTION
|
End-stage liver disease is now the cause of death for 45% of
HIV-infected patients in this hospital. HCV
infection was the cause of the liver disease
in nearly three-quarters of the HIV patients
who were admitted or died during the course
of the study. |
Pdf 41 kb |
|
Hepatitis C Virus Infection in United States
Correctional Institutions |
In the United States, over 6 million people are under
correctional supervision and over 2 million
are in custody and receiving health care.
Prisoners are overrepresented by individuals
with high risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection, including injection drug users,
the sexual partners of injection drug users,
and people living with HIV or AIDS and
mental illness. As such, it is estimated
that approximately 30% of all prisoners are
infected with HCV. Despite this high
prevalence, little has been done to
implement effective therapy for treating
this potentially curable infection in this
setting. Correctional settings, with their
structured environment and managed care
approach, are ideal settings to screen,
evaluate, and provide treatment and promote
risk reduction interventions that will
contribute to society's improved public
health. |
|
|
Hepatitis C Virus Projections Working Group:
Estimates and Projections of the Hepatitis C
Virus Epidemic in Australia 2006 |
The proportion of HCV infections due to injecting drug use was
lower in blood donors, probably because
people with a history of injecting drug use
are asked to exclude themselves from blood
donation. Rates of HCV infection due to
injecting drug use were also lower in liver
clinic patients, between 51% and 75%,
although this proportion had increased in
one Melbourne liver clinic, from 51% during
1990-1993 (Strasser et al, 1995) to 64%
during 1990-1998 (Ostapowicz et al, 2001).
In the study by Li et al (1998), of liver
clinic patients infected with HCV through
routes other than injecting drug use, around
half were immigrants to Australia from
countries of high HCV prevalence. |
|
|
Hepatitis C virus transmission in the
prison/inmate population |
Women are reported to have greater
variability than men in the prevalence rate.
Studies done in Canada, the United States
and Australia, have shown that the
prevalence of HCV among females ranges from
25.3% to 67.0%, as compared with 4.0% to
39.4% among men. Butler et al. reported that
the higher rate among females was the result
of a higher concentration of females in
prison for drug-related offences. Overall,
the prevalence of HCV in the Canadian
correctional population seems less variable,
ranging from 19.2% to 39.8% |
|
|
Hepatitis C: An Epidemic Among Baby Boomers |
Over 3 million Americans are chronically infected with HCV, most
of them baby boomers. As this population
ages and they begin to develop advanced
liver disease, it is projected that all
payers will bear an increasing cost burden
for patients with HCV infection. Medicare
will be especially hard-hit. |
Pdf 538 kb |
|
|
The prevalence of HCV is much greater among incarcerated
populations than the general public. The
incidence of HCV in the US general
population has been estimated at 1.8%, while
the incidence among state and federal
facilities in 1999 was 2.1%. Incarcerated
females typically have high rates of HCV
infection. In 1994, 63.5% of female inmates
entering the California correctional system
were found to be anti-HCV positive, compared
to 39.4% of male inmates |
|
|
HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C in prisons: the
facts |
Many of those who are HIV-positive in prison were already living
with the virus on the outside. Indeed, the
highest rates of HIV infection in prisons
can be found in areas where rates of HIV
infection are high among injection drug
users in the community. By choosing mass
imprisonment as the main response to the use
of drugs, governments worldwide have created
a de facto policy of incarcerating more and
more individuals with HIV infection. |
Pdf 763 kb |
|
HIV/AIDS Guide for the Mining Sector |
The publication of this HIV/AIDS Guide for the mining sector in
Southern Africa is most welcome. Not only is
it comprehensive in its coverage of all the
issues, it is set out in such a way that it
is easy to read and, more importantly, to
implement in the work situation. The author,
Rose Smart, is to be congratulated. Indeed,
this Guide can be used by any company in any
industry as the elements that form an
effective strategy to combat the epidemic
are common to all industries. |
Pdf 1120 kb |
|
|
The objective of this study was to explore the relationships
between incarceration and emerging increases
in HIV and sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) in the rural south, particularly
among black women of low socioeconomic
status |
|
|
IFC
Against AIDS-Protecting People and
Profitability |
Power Point Presentation |
826 kb |
|
Illinois Prisoners Win $8 Million for
Failure to Treat Hep C |
A federal jury has awarded four Illinois prisoners over $2
million apiece in a civil rights action
filed against state prison officials for
denying treatment for Hepatitis C (Hep C). |
|
|
Improving Chronic Care: The “Guided Care”
Model |
Surveys of the patients who received Guided Care and similar
patients who received “usual care” in the
practice showed that Guided Care recipients
experienced more improvement in the quality
of their care than did the usual care
group.8 Insurance claims revealed that the
costs of health care were lower for the
Guided Care patients than for the usual care
patients. |
Pdf 609 kb |
|
In
Medical Care in California State Prisons - a
Primer on Deliberate Indifference |
the United States Supreme Court held that a gross and extreme
departure from the standard of care in
provision or denial of basic medical care to
prisoners was deliberate indifference,
constituting cruel and unusual punishment in
violation of the Eighth Amendment of the
United States Constitution |
|
|
Injection Drug Users: The Overlooked Core of
the Hepatitis C Epidemic |
Injection drug users (IDUs) constitute the core of the hepatitis
C epidemic in the developed world. Four
times more prevalent than HIV infection,
hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been acquired by
at least 5 million Americans and an
estimated 170 million people worldwide. In
developed countries, people who use illegal
drugs by injection are the largest group of
persons with HCV infection and the group
among whom most new infections occur. Viral
transmission is uncontrolled among IDUs,
with incidence rates ranging from 16%–42%
per year, and yet, our efforts to control
this pandemic have largely ignored the
population in whom its biology and
epidemiology are being played out with the
most devastating effects. |
|
|
KERRY & HONDA:
Disrupting a deadly disease Hepatitis
defense can save thousands of lives a year |
The report concludes that the current
approach is not working: Americans at risk
for hepatitis or living with it do not know
it, and health providers are not screening
for it. That should come as no surprise
because there is no federal funding of core
public health services for viral hepatitis.
Nor is there any federally funded chronic
hepatitis B and C surveillance system. |
|
|
Latinos and
Chronic Hepatitis C: A Singular Population |
Latinos are the largest minority in the USA and have high rates
of HCV infection as well as other viral
infections. The course of CHC in Latinos is
more aggressive, with more risk to develop
cirrhosis. Emerging evidence suggests that
Latinos have decreased efficacy to treatment
with Peg IFN and RBV. |
|
|
Life Sentences:
Women, Prison and the Invisible Health
Crisis |
Prostitution isn’t normally a capital offense, but it was for
Lisa Watson. Watson, the pseudonym of an
actual prisoner in the Central California
Women's Facility, had just begun a four-year
sentence for prostitution when she started
experiencing debilitating headaches that
left her unable to stand or function. |
|
|
Linking
HIV and reproductive health: messaging on
sensitive issues for young women’s campaigns |
Since the last international AIDS conference in 2008, support has
grown worldwide for efforts to link HIV/AIDS
programs and services with different aspects
of sexual and reproductive health. Young
people, particularly young women, are
beginning to take a leading advocacy role in
such efforts and this session explored what
kinds of messages and strategies could be
used to address two sensitive issues in the
reproductive health field: comprehensive
sexuality education and abortion for
unwanted pregnancies. |
Pdf 259 kb |
|
Managing
Hepatitis C in Our Prisons: Promises and
Challenges |
The current challenge of managing hepatitis C in our prisons is
comparable to the problems faced by
correctional programs during the early days
of the HIV epidemic. Comprehensive
guidelines for identifying and treating
HCV-infected inmates are still evolving, and
expensive antiviral therapy remains a major
obstacle. Nonetheless, correctional health
care has successfully met the challenges of
a chronic, bloodborne infectious disease
before, and there is every reason to believe
that cost-effective, systematic approaches
to the HCV epidemic are attainable. |
|
|
Many
low-income urban areas across the United
States have epidemics of HIV, with 2.1
percent of heterosexuals in poverty-stricken
urban areas infected with the incurable AIDS
virus, U.S. scientists said on Monday |
In a study of rates of HIV across the United
States, researchers from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found
that poverty is the single most important
factor linked to HIV infection among
inner-city heterosexuals. |
|
|
Medication Assisted Therapy (MAT) in New
Mexico |
Power Point Presentation |
Pdf 712 kb |
|
MITIGATING THE IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS IN THE
PUBLIC SERVICE |
Power Point Presentation |
234 kb |
|
Neglected
Infections Of Poverty' In United States
Disable Hundreds Of Thousands Of Americans
Annually |
While most Americans have never heard of
neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), the
analysis estimates that these infections
occur in hundreds of thousands of poor
Americans concentrated primarily in the
Mississippi Delta (including post-Katrina
Louisiana), Appalachia, the Mexican
borderlands, and inner cities. These
diseases represent a major cause of chronic
disability, impaired child development, and
adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet many of them
are preventable. |
|
|
New
drug-resistant superbugs found in 3 states |
Scientists have long feared this — a very adaptable gene that
hitches onto many types of common germs and
confers broad drug resistance. |
|
|
Prevalence and Incidence of HIV, Hepatitis B
Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Infections
Among Males in Rhode Island Prisons |
HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus prevalences were
1.8%, 20.2%, and 23.1%, respectively.
Infections were significantly associated
with injection drug use (odds ratio = 10.1,
7.9, and 32.4). Incidence per 100
person-years was 0 for HIV, 2.7 for HBV, and
0.4 for HCV.
Conclusions. High infection prevalence among inmates represents a
significant community health issue. General
disease prevention efforts must include
prevention within correctional facilities.
The high observed intraprison incidence of
HBV underscores the need to vaccinate prison
populations. |
|
|
PREVALENCE OF HIV INFECTION, SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES, HEPATITIS, AND RISK
BEHAVIORS AMONG INMATES ENTERING PRISON AT
THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
1999 |
The objectives of this project were: 1) to estimate the
seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV),
hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the prevalence
of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria
gonorrhoeae (GC) among a representative
sample of male and female inmates upon entry
into six reception centers of the California
Department of Corrections (CDC); and 2) to
assess risk behaviors associated with HIV
seropositivity in the study population. |
Pdf 355 kb |
|
Prevention and Control of Infections with
Hepatitis Viruses in Correctional Settings |
Persons incarcerated in correctional systems comprise
approximately 0.7% of the U.S. population
and have a disproportionately greater burden
of infectious diseases, including infections
with hepatitis viruses and other infections
of public health importance (e.g., human
immunodeficiency virus [HIV], sexually
transmitted disease [STD], and tuberculosis
[TB] infections) (1). In 2000, >8 million
inmates of prisons and jails were released
and returned to the community (A. Beck,
Ph.D., Bureau of Justice Statistics,
personal communication, 2002). Recent
estimates indicate 12%--39% of all Americans
with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or
hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections were
releasees during the previous year (1) |
|
|
Previously eradicated diseases reemerge in
US |
From January 1 to December 31 in 2010, the
CDC reported 8,383 confirmed cases of
pertussis in California, which once enjoyed
a living standard among the highest in the
world. More than 1,100 adults and children
have been diagnosed with the illness in San
Diego County alone, and across the state at
least 10 babies died. California has not
suffered this great an outbreak since 1947. |
|
|
Prison
Healthcare Costs Skyrocket In California |
California is virtually living a
hand-to-mouth existence, all the time bailed
out by the federal government. But it is
spending hundreds of millions of dollars a
year on the healthcare of those convicted
for violent crimes. |
|
|
Prison
Rape Elimination Act
(Large Report-Increase download time) |
This document is the final report of the Prison Rape Elimination
Act (PREA) Cost Impact Analysis, an effort
to assist the Bureau of Justice Assistance
(BJA) in the review of the standards
published by the National Prison Rape
Elimination Commission (NPREC) on June 23,
2009. This document assesses the costs
specific to each standard, assesses
variations within the cost estimates, and
addresses a comprehensive view of
implementation and compliance on a national
level. It covers five sectors of
correctional operations: state prison
systems, state and local juvenile
facilities, community corrections, and
local/county jails, police lockups. |
Pdf 3876 kb |
|
Prison Spending Outpaces All but Medicaid |
Criminal correction spending is outpacing budget growth in
education, transportation and public
assistance, based on state and federal data.
Only Medicaid spending grew faster than
state corrections spending, which quadrupled
in the past two decades, according to the
report Monday by the Pew Center on the
States, the first breakdown of spending in
confinement and supervision in the past
seven years. |
|
|
Release from
Jail: Moment of Crisis or Window of
Opportunity for Female Detainees? |
The number of females incarcerated in the United States rose by
nearly 50% from 68,468 in 1995 to 101,179 in
2003.1 Since 1995, the average annual growth
rate of female imprisonment has grown 5%,
exceeding that of 3.4% for males during the
same period. Rising rates of incarceration
among females have prompted the examination
of gender specific factors related to
imprisonment. Females are significantly more
likely than males to be in jail for
non-violent offenses, such as larceny, fraud
and theft, and drugs possession and sales.
Females are more likely than males to be
unemployed at time of arrest4 and to be
diagnosed with substance abuse disorders. |
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Research, Practice, and Guiding Principles
for Women Offenders |
Numbering more than 1 million in 2001, female offenders make up
17 percent of all offenders under some form
of correctional sanction. This report
summarizes current knowledge on the
characteristics of women in correctional
settings, the ways in which gender makes a
difference in current criminal justice
practice, and multidisciplinary research and
theory on women’s lives that have
implications for managing women in the
criminal justice system. It concludes by
offering guiding principles and strategies
for improving the system’s response to women
offenders. |
Pdf 929 kb |
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Socio-demographic determinants of
coinfections by HIV, hepatitis B and
hepatitis C viruses in central Italian
prisoners
|
The prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV
seropositivity in jails suggests that
information and education programs for
inmates could be useful to reduce the spread
of such infections.
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Spread of
bloodborne viruses among Australian prison
entrants. |
Hepatitis B and C are spreading rapidly through some populations
of injecting drug users in Victoria,
particularly among men aged less than 30
years at risk of imprisonment in whom rates
of spread are extreme; this group
constitutes a sizeable at risk population
for spread of HIV. |
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STIGMA IN CHRONIC HCV DISEASE |
Power Point Presentation |
571 kb |
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Stigmatisation of problem-drug users |
The vote-catching rhetoric of “war on drugs” or “tough on drugs”
means politicians and policy makers are
simply paying lip service to the
compassionate “road to recovery” as a goal
for society, says the Commission, which
wants politicians and policy makers to think
more carefully about such rhetoric. As a
start, the Commission also calls for the
public, health professionals, and
particularly the media to be educated about
the eff ects of stigmatising drug users. A
good example was set by California Governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger in his support of
Recovery Month. |
Pdf 134 kb |
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The study, released Monday, suggests that HIV is epidemic in
certain poverty-stricken urban
neighborhoods. And, more significantly, poor
heterosexuals in those neighborhoods were
twice as likely to be infected as
heterosexuals who lived in the same
community but had more money. |
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SUPREME
COURT OF THE UNITED STATES-WILLIAM ERICKSON
v. BARRY J. PARDUS et al. |
Imprisoned by the State of Colorado and alleging violations of
his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment
protections against cruel and unusual
punishment, William Erickson, the petitioner
in this Court, filed suit against prison
officials in the United States District
Court for the District of Colorado. He
alleged that a liver condition resulting
from hepatitis C required a treatment
program that officials had commenced but
then wrongfully terminated, with
life-threatening consequences. Deeming these
allegations, and others to be noted, to be
“conclusory,” |
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The Burden
of Infectious Disease Among Inmates of and
Releasees From US Correctional Facilities,
1997 |
Correctional facilities are critical settings for the
efficient delivery of prevention and
treatment interventions for
infectious diseases. Such interventions
stand to benefit not only
inmates, their families, and partners, but
also the public health of the
communities to which inmates return. |
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THE
GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE-2004
(Large report-increase download time) |
A consistent and comparative description of the burden of
diseases and injuries, and risk factors that
cause them, is an important input to health
decision- making and planning processes.
Information that is available on mortality
and health in populations in all regions of
the world is fragmentary and sometimes
inconsistent. Thus, a framework for
integrating, validating, analysing and
disseminating such information is needed to
assess the comparative importance of
diseases and injuries in causing premature
death, loss of health and disability in
different populations. |
Pdf 4971 kb |
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The High
Cost of Imprisonment in America |
Correctional
authorities spent $38.2 billion to maintain
the Nation’s State correctional systems in
fiscal year 2001, including $29.5 billion
specifically for adult correctional
facilities. Day-to-day operating expenses
totaled $28.4 billion, and capital outlays
for land, new building, and renovations, 1.1
billion. |
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The
Prison Boom |
The Growth of Prison within the US-image |
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Too Many
Americans are Still at Risk for HIV |
But the HIV crisis in
America is far from over. CDC’s latest
estimates suggest that more than 56,000
Americans become infected each year13—one
person every 9½ minutes—and that more than
one million people in this country are now
living with HIV.14 Far too many Americans
remain at risk for HIV, especially African
Americans, Latinos, and gay and bisexual men
of all races. CDC estimates that roughly 1
in 5 people infected with HIV in the United
States is unaware of his or her infection
and may be unknowingly transmitting the
virus to others |
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Treating Hepatitis C in the Prison
Population Is Cost-Saving |
Cost-effectiveness was determined via a
decision analysis model employing Markov
simulation. The cohort of prisoners had a
distribution of genotypes and stages of
fibrosis in accordance with prior studies
evaluating inmate populations. The
probability of transitioning from one health
state to another, reinfection rates,
in-prison and out-of-prison mortality rates,
sustained viral response rates, costs, and
quality of life weights were also obtained
from the literature. |
Pdf 148 kb |
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Trends in
hepatitis C and HIV infection among inmates
entering prisons in California, 1994 versus
1999 |
The decline in
HCV and HIV prevalences demonstrate a
possible reduction in injection drug use or
an increase in safer injecting practices
within California. Whereas total admissions
to publicly funded drug and alcohol
treatment programs in California increased
from 1995 to 1999, the number of injection
drug use admissions decreased 13.4% during
that time |
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Tuberculosis and HIV in Ukraine
(Large report-Increase download time) |
Power Point Presentation |
Pdf 3426 kb |
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Uninsured and Dying Because of It |
In 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM)
estimated that 18,000 Americans died in 2000
because they were uninsured. Since then, the
number of uninsured has grown. Based on the
IOM’s methodology and subsequent Census
Bureau estimates of insurance coverage,
137,000 people died from 2000 through 2006
because they lacked health insurance,
including 22,000 people in 2006. |
Pdf 85 kb |
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Use of
Enhanced Surveillance for Hepatitis C Virus
Infection to Detect a Cluster Among Young
Injection-Drug Users |
With initial
detection of the cluster, an epidemiologic
investigation was launched by NYSDOH in
collaboration with ECDOH. Patients were
interviewed in person by a two-person team
at various locales, including correctional
facilities, rehabilitation clinics, patient
residences, and other locations. |
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What HIV Criminalization Means to Women in
the U.S. |
Thirty-six states and territories have laws
that criminalize HIV exposure and failure by
an HIV positive person to disclose (tell
someone about) her/his HIV status. If you
have consensual (both people agreed to it)
sex with someone, and you used condoms, you
can still be arrested under these laws if
your partner says later that he/she didn’t
know at the time that you were HIV positive. |
Pdf 186 kb |
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Why HIV
exposure at hospital may have happened |
At issue,
reportedly, is that the instruments were
hand-washed before being put in a
sterilizing machine. But how is that bad? |
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Youth-Friendly HIV Services |
Globally, almost a quarter of people living with HIV are under
the age of 25. Furthermore, 45% of all new
HIV infections are among young people aged
between 15 and 24 |
Pdf 889 kb |
